Influence of Longitudinal Driving Dynamics on Powertrain Efficiency and Vehicle Energy Consumption: Comparing EV and ICEV Technologies

Abstract

This paper explores the impact of longitudinal driving behaviour on powertrain efficiency in battery electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Although driver behaviour is not the primary factor affecting efficiency, its influence varies significantly across powertrain types. Using a simplified MacAdam driver model, parameterized by response time and preview distance, each vehicle is simulated over a standard WLTP Class 3 driving cycle to assess component-level efficiency variations and vehicle energy consumption. The simplified behavioural model is chosen to isolate driver influence while maintaining focus on powertrain performance. Results indicate that EVs exhibit higher efficiency resilience to changes in driving style compared to ICEVs, which results in a lower variation in terms of energy consumption. These findings underline how the shift to electrified powertrains involves not only technological changes but also behavioural adaptations, with implications for eco-driving practices and energy management strategies.