The Hydraulic Assessment of a New Portable Rainfall Simulator Using Different Nozzle Models

Abstract

Research on water erosion often uses rainfall simulators, as these instruments allow for controlling the characteristics of the erosive agent and carrying out replications of experimental runs over brief time periods. In this paper, the early-step assessment of a new pressurized rainfall simulator equipped with nozzles differing in their spray angle and flow rate is developed. Experimental runs were performed to determine operative information about its functioning and rainfall intensity distribution. The investigated pressure–flow rate pairs, corresponding to values differing from those provided by the manufacturer, suggested that these nozzles are affected by their technological variability. Therefore, the use of the nozzles in pressure ranges that the producer did not investigate requires the testing of the manufacturer’s characteristic curves. The developed analysis on the variability of the measured average rainfall intensities and Christiansen’s Uniformity coefficient with the distance from the nozzle orifice demonstrates that the best simulation was obtained for the high-flow-rate nozzles at 120° and 90° with a pressure of 0.5 bar. These two simulation conditions allowed for the obtainment of rainfall intensities equal to 50 and 70 mm/h, respectively, and excellent uniform spatial distributions within a circular area with a diameter of 1.5 m. Moreover, to change the rainfall intensity during the simulation, the more effective approach was to maintain a constant pressure and modify the nozzle type, thereby modifying the nozzle spray angle. This finding underlines the importance of verifying the manufacturer’s nozzle characteristic curves and testing the rainfall intensity spatial distribution for selecting the nozzles most suitable for the simulation aims.