How new methodological approaches in the study of activity markers and nonmetric skeletal traits can help in the anthropological definition of commingled inhumations.

Abstract

Classical bioanthropology analyzes skeletal markers to interpret the demography, health, and lifestyle of ancient populations. However, this becomes challenging when remains are poorly preserved or commingled. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify markers that help interpret population aspects. For this purpose, we propose using nonmetric traits of the lower limbs as indicators of habitual posture and functional adaptation to occupational activities. Our study analyzed two Sicanian populations from Sicily: Ponte della Paolina (Late Bronze Age) and Baucina (7th–5th centuries BCE). Morphological traits were recorded on adult lower limb bones, including Poirier’s facet, vastus notch, and accessory articular facets. Frequencies were calculated by bone and side, and statistical association tests (Fisher’s Exact and Chi-square) were applied to assess inter- and intra-population variation. Patterns consistent with prolonged crouching and foot dorsiflexion at Ponte della Paolina were found through functional analysis of trait combinations. Baucina individuals exhibited similar patterns, alongside traits suggesting more dynamic activity, such as walking on uneven terrain. The study emphasizes how useful nonmetric traits are for reconstructing postural and adaptations habitual behaviors in past populations.