REPOSITIONING OF THE GLOBAL EPICENTRE OF NON-OPTIMAL CHOLESTEROL
- Authors: Cristina Taddei, Bin Zhou, Honor Bixby, Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco, Goodarz Danaei, Rod T Jackson, Farshad Farzadfar, Marisa K Sophiea, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Maria Laura Caminia Iurilli, Andrea Rodriguez Martinez, Golaleh Asghari, Klodian Dhana, Pablo Gulayin, Sujay Kakarmath, Marilina Santero, Trudy Voortman, Leanne M Riley, Melanie J Cowan, Stefan Savin, James E Bennett, Gretchen A Stevens, Christopher J Paciorek, Wichai Aekplakorn, Renata Cifkova, Simona Giampaoli, Andre Pascal Kengne, Young-Ho Khang, Kari Kuulasmaa, Avula Laxmaiah, Paula Margozzini, Prashant Mathur, Børge G Nordestgaard, Dong Zhao, Mette Aadahl, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Hanan Abdul Rahim, Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Robert J Adams, Imelda A Agdeppa, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Charles Agyemang, Tarunveer S Ahluwalia, Noor Ani Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Naser Ahmadi, Soheir H Ahmed, Wolfgang Ahrens, Kamel Ajlouni, Monira Alarouj, Fadia AlBuhairan, Shahla AlDhukair, Mohamed M Ali, Abdullah Alkandari, Ala'a Alkerwi, Eman Aly, Deepak N Amarapurkar, Philippe Amouyel, Lars Bo Andersen, Sigmund A Anderssen, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Joana Araújo, Inger Ariansen, Tahir Aris, Raphael E Arku, Nimmathota Arlappa, Krishna K Aryal, Thor Aspelund, Maria CecÃlia F Assunção, Juha Auvinen, Mária Avdicová, Ana Azevedo, Fereidoun Azizi, Mehrdad Azmin, Nagalla Balakrishna, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Maciej Banach, Piotr Bandosz, José R Banegas, Barbagallo CM, Alberto Barceló, Amina Barkat, Iqbal Bata, Anwar M Batieha, Assembekov Batyrbek, Louise A Baur, Robert Beaglehole, Antonisamy Belavendra, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Mikhail Benet, Marianne Benn, Salim Berkinbayev, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Gailute Bernotiene, Heloisa Bettiol, Santosh K Bhargava, Yufang Bi, Asako Bienek, Mukharram Bikbov, Bihungum Bista, Peter Bjerregaard, Espen Bjertness, Marius B Bjertness, Cecilia Björkelund, Katia V Bloch, Anneke Blokstra, Simona Bo, Bernhard O Boehm, Jose G Boggia, Carlos P Boissonnet, Marialaura Bonaccio, Vanina Bongard, Rossana Borchini, Herman Borghs, Pascal Bovet, Imperia Brajkovich, Juergen Breckenkamp, Hermann Brenner, Lizzy M Brewster, Graziella Bruno, Anna Bugge, Markus A Busch, Antonio Cabrera de León, Joseph Cacciottolo, Günay Can, Ana Paula C Cândido, Mario V Capanzana, Eduardo Capuano, Vincenzo Capuano, Viviane C Cardoso, Joana Carvalho, Felipe F Casanueva, Laura Censi, Charalambos A Chadjigeorgiou, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Nish Chaturvedi, Chien-Jen Chen, Fangfang Chen, Shuohua Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Bahman Cheraghian, Angela Chetrit, Shu-Ti Chiou, MarÃa-Dolores Chirlaque, Belong Cho, Yumi Cho, Jerzy Chudek, Frank Claessens, Janine Clarke, Els Clays, Hans Concin, Susana C Confortin, Cyrus Cooper, Simona Costanzo, Dominique Cottel, Chris Cowell, Ana B Crujeiras, Semánová Csilla, Liufu Cui, Felipe V Cureau, Graziella D'Arrigo, Eleonora d'Orsi, Jean Dallongeville, Albertino Damasceno, Rachel Dankner, Thomas M Dantoft, Luc Dauchet, Kairat Davletov, Guy De Backer, Dirk De Bacquer, Giovanni de Gaetano, Stefaan De Henauw, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, David De Ridder, Delphine De Smedt, Mohan Deepa, Alexander D Deev, Abbas Dehghan, Hélène Delisle, Elaine Dennison, Valérie Deschamps, Meghnath Dhimal, Augusto F Di Castelnuovo, Zivka Dika, Shirin Djalalinia, Annette J Dobson, Chiara Donfrancesco, Silvana P Donoso, Angela Döring, Maria Dorobantu, Nico Dragano, Wojciech Drygas, Yong Du, Charmaine A Duante, Rosemary B Duda, Vilnis Dzerve, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Ricky Eddie, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Robert Eggertsen, Sareh Eghtesad, Gabriele Eiben, Ulf Ekelund, Jalila El Ati, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Marie Eliasen, Roberto Elosua, Rajiv T Erasmus, Raimund Erbel, Cihangir Erem, Louise Eriksen, Johan G Eriksson, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Saeid Eslami, Ali Esmaeili, Alun Evans, David Faeh, Caroline H Fall, Elnaz Faramarzi, Mojtaba Farjam, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Francisco J Felix-Re
- Publication year: 2020
- Type: Articolo in rivista
- OA Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10447/465698
Abstract
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular risk-changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.